Essential Cancer Medicines

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Ensuring the availability of medicines for treatment – including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antibiotics and for pain relief – is crucial. Many countries around the world, however, struggle with issues of access, availability and affordability of quality-assured essential medicines for cancer treatment.

Essential medicines are defined as those that “satisfy the priority health care needs of the population”. They are selected with regard to their public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended "to be available within the context of functioning health systems at all times in adequate amounts, in the appropriate dosage forms, with assured quality and adequate information, and at a price the individual and the community can afford[1].” (The Selection of Essential Medicines, WHO)

In 1975 the World Health Assembly requested WHO to create a guidance tool that would help member states in selecting and procuring quality-assured essential medicines. The first WHO Model List of Essential Medicines list (WHO EML) was published two years later, establishing a guiding principle that some medicines were more useful than others and that these medicines were often not available to all who needed them.[2] Selection of these medicines was initially opinion-based, relying on a physician’s experience in treating patients; now the list is based on an approach grounded in scientific evidence. 

In 2015, UICC convened experts to review the cancer medicines listed on the WHO EML. As a result, the methodology for the selection of essential cancer medicines was revised to propose medicines based on specific regimens for specific cancers, which would make it easier for policymakers to identify cancer medicines relevant for their national disease burden.[3] Using this process, the WHO EML was further updated, with the addition of cancer medicines in 2017 and 2019. In the EML review for 2021, more than a quarter of applications were for cancer medicines, showing the pressing need for cancer medicines to be available for populations globally in light of the rising burden of cancer.

Improving access to essential cancer medicines

Source: Bull World Health Organ 2019;97:394-404C doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.222448

It is particularly important that these essential medicines are available for cancer patients in a timely manner, as the likelihood of a better outcome and quality of life increases when the cancer is detected and treated early. 

Yet, many countries – particularly in low-resource settings – struggle with numerous barriers to access. These barriers include the pricing and quality of medicines, procurement and supply chain issues, diagnostic capacity, infrastructure and the lack of adequate human resources.

As of 2019, comprehensive cancer services were only reported to exist in fewer than 15% of low- and middle-income countries, against 90% of high-income countries. Less than 50% of cancer medicines on the WHO EML are still not available to patients living in LMICs and more than 80% of the world’s population has little or no access to pain medicines, such as morphine and other opioids.

Distributed opioid morphine-equivalent (morphine in mg/patient in need of palliative care, average 2010–13), and estimated percentage of need that is met for the health conditions most associated with serious health-related suffering 
Source(link is external): Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer El, et al (2017). 

The incredible progress made in making other medicines more accessible, such as antiviral medicines for HIV/AIDS and antiviral medicines for hepatitis C, shows that this situation can be changed. To do so requires strong government commitment, and a multi-stakeholder approach to strengthen health systems and build effective and sustainable procurement and supply chain processes to improve the delivery of cancer medicines so the appropriate treatment reaches the right patients at the right time.

Establishing a comprehensive National List of Essential Medicines (NEML) tailored to the needs of the population is a key first step for a country to improve the accessibility and availability of cancer medicines. Currently, there is a notable discrepancy in many countries between their NEML and the WHO EML: many essential cancer medicines, are simply not included on the NEMLs.

Another crucial step is to support countries in developing sustainable health financing and the capacity for the appropriate diagnosis of cancer, as well as the proper handling and supply monitoring of cancer medicines. In this regard, it is essential to address regulatory capacity, procurement, forecasting and supply chain management.

Addressing the issue of affordability is another issue that needs to be addressed, including for those medicines still on patent. Various approaches can come into play here including the use of public-health oriented voluntary licences for essential medicines and by supporting manufacturers of generic and biosimilar medicines in developing, registering and supplying quality-assured medicines at affordable prices. 

The role of UICC and its members

Establishing a NEML is crucial; however, additional steps must be taken to overcome barriers and ensure access to medicines. 

These challenges are increasingly being raised in discussions between policymakers, civil society and the pharmaceutical industry, as governments move towards Universal Health Coverage.

Building on this momentum, UICC was instrumental in bringing the cancer community together for an open, inclusive, constructive, and evidence-based dialogue about how to pursue solutions collectively to improve access to cancer medicines, for the wellbeing of patients and sustainability of cancer care and health systems.

Members can pursue this issue and encourage governments and policymakers to ensure the implementation of an evidence-based NEML, in alignment with the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, as a first step in improving access to cancer medicines.